Write short notes on ALL the following (each answer should not exceed 200 words):

1. Techniques of Data Collection
2. Ideal Types
3. Social Movement
4. Alienation

Alienation 

Alienation is a feeling of separation or estrangement. The term was first used by Ficht but the concept was first given by Hegel, who said that people feel alienated because they look at things in an incorrect way and feel separated from God.

Marx said that alienation occurs when human being is denied his basic human nature that is performing productive labour creatively in cooperation with others. He also talked about alienation of proliterait class in capitalist society, man feel alienated from the machinery he operates, the products he makes and also alienated from human relationship and social bonds.

Marx views are highly debated by other thinkers. Although Max Weber and Eric Fromm defined alienation more or like Marx but Weber said alienation is much more wide spread in the society and it is acute among bureaucrats. 

C.W. Mills talked about alienation of middle class in his book 'White Collar'. Where as Melvin M Seeman talked about five feelings; powerlessness is when man thinks he can not influence social situation; meaninglessness or feeling that there is no guide for conduct; normlessness means feeling that illegitimate means are used to achieve goals; isolation is feeling separated from cultural goals; self estrangement is when man has not found self fulfilling activities; these are used by Robert Blauner who gave 'inverted u' curve to show alienation among various industries. He said alienation is lowest in cottage industry and highest in mass production industries.

The concept of alienation is constantly evolving and is increasing in contemporary world not only among middle class but also in workers or society at large. There are many reasons for this including anti-dots to alienation are decreasing and now relations are becoming informal and less emotional attachment.